Category 1: .NET Framework Fundamentals (Beginner)
These questions test your core understanding of the platform.
1. What is the .NET Framework? What are its main components?
* Look for: Understanding of CLR (Common Language Runtime), Class Library (FCL), and languages. Example: "CLR handles memory management and execution, while FCL provides pre-built classes for I/O, database access, etc."
2. Explain the difference between Value Types and Reference Types in C#.
* Example: int, struct are value types (stored on stack). class, string, array are reference types (stored on heap, accessed via reference).
3. What is Boxing and Unboxing? Why is it performance-intensive?
* Look for: Boxing is converting a value type to object (reference type), which involves heap allocation. Unboxing is the reverse. It's expensive due to memory and computation overhead.
4. What is the difference between String and StringBuilder? When would you use each?
* Scenario: "Use String for immutable, small text. Use StringBuilder for mutable, large strings being modified in loops (e.g., building a dynamic SQL query string in a loop) to avoid creating numerous intermediate string objects."
5. What is the using statement in C#? Why is it important?
* Look for: It ensures Dispose() is called on IDisposable objects (like SqlConnection, FileStream), preventing resource leaks, even if an exception occurs.
6. What is an Exception? Name some common exception types.
* Example: NullReferenceException, DivideByZeroException, ArgumentNullException.
7. What is the purpose of the Garbage Collector (GC) in .NET?
* Look for: Automatic memory management. It reclaims memory occupied by unreachable objects.
8. What are the different types of JIT Compilers?
* Look for: Pre-JIT, Econo-JIT, and Normal-JIT. Most commonly, Normal-JIT compiles methods on first call and stores them for subsequent use.
9. What is the difference between const and readonly?
* Look for: const is a compile-time constant, readonly is a runtime constant set in the constructor.
10. What are Namespaces? What is their purpose?
* Look for: Logical grouping of related classes to avoid name collisions (e.g., System.IO, System.Data).
Category 2: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in .NET (Intermediate)
11. Explain the four main principles of OOP with examples.
* Encapsulation: Hiding internal state (e.g., private fields with public getters/setters).
* Inheritance: An IS-A relationship (e.g., Button : Control).
* Polymorphism: Same interface, different implementations (e.g., virtual/override methods, interfaces).
* Abstraction: Hiding complex reality while exposing essentials (e.g., abstract classes, interfaces).
12. What is the difference between an Abstract Class and an Interface? When do you use which?
* Scenario: "Use an abstract class to provide a common base implementation for closely related classes (e.g., Animal for Dog and Cat). Use an interface to define a contract for unrelated classes that must implement certain capabilities (e.g., ILogger, IDisposable)."
13. What are Virtual and Override keywords used for?
* Example:csharp public class BaseClass { public virtual void Show() { Console.WriteLine("Base"); } } public class DerivedClass : BaseClass { public override void Show() { Console.WriteLine("Derived"); } // Polymorphism }
14. What is Method Overloading vs. Method Overriding?
* Look for: Overloading: Same method name, different parameters (compile-time). Overriding: Redefining a base method in a derived class (runtime polymorphism).
15. What is Dependency Injection? What problem does it solve?
* Look for: A design pattern for achieving Inversion of Control (IoC). It provides dependencies to a class from the outside rather than creating them internally. It solves tight coupling, making code more testable and maintainable.
16. What are Delegates and Events?
* Example: A delegate is a type-safe function pointer. An event is a mechanism for communication between objects, based on the publisher-subscriber model.
* Coding Example:csharp public delegate void Notify(); // Delegate public class Process { public event Notify ProcessCompleted; // Event public void StartProcess() { // ... work ... OnProcessCompleted(); } protected virtual void OnProcessCompleted() => ProcessCompleted?.Invoke(); }
17. What is the difference between IEnumerable, ICollection, and IList?
* Look for: IEnumerable (forward-only iteration), ICollection (count, add, remove), IList (index-based access).
18. Explain async and await keywords. How do they help?
* Look for: They are used to write asynchronous code that is non-blocking. await frees the thread (e.g., a web server thread) to handle other requests while waiting for I/O operations (database, API calls) to complete, improving scalability.
19. What is a Lambda Expression? Provide an example.
* Example: Func<int, int> square = x => x * x;
20. What are Generics? Why are they type-safe?
* Look for: They allow writing classes/methods with placeholders for types. Type-safe because they are checked at compile time (e.g., List<int> will only allow integers, unlike ArrayList which holds object).
Category 3: ASP.NET Core Fundamentals (Intermediate)
21. What is ASP.NET Core? How is it different from ASP.NET Framework?
* Look for: Cross-platform, open-source, high-performance, modular (built with middleware), and unified MVC/Web API framework. It's a redesign, not an upgrade.
22. Explain the Program.cs and Startup.cs (or minimal APIs) in ASP.NET Core.
* Look for: Program.cs is the app's entry point, configuring the host. Startup.cs (in traditional templates) configures services (DI) and the HTTP request pipeline. New templates use minimal APIs in Program.cs.
23. What is Dependency Injection in ASP.NET Core? How is it configured?
* Example: Built-in IoC container. Services are registered in Program.cs (e.g., builder.Services.AddScoped<IMyService, MyService>();) and then injected via constructor.
24. What is Middleware? Name some common built-in middleware.
* Look for: Software components that form the request/response pipeline (e.g., UseRouting(), UseAuthentication(), UseAuthorization(), UseStaticFiles()).
* Scenario: "A request for a static file is handled by UseStaticFiles() middleware and might not need to go through the entire pipeline, improving performance."
25. Explain the appsettings.json file and how to access configuration data.
* Look for: JSON-based configuration file. Accessed via IConfiguration interface injected into classes.
26. What are the different service lifetimes in ASP.NET Core DI?
* Look for: Singleton: Single instance for the application's lifetime. Scoped: One instance per HTTP request. Transient: A new instance every time it's requested.
27. How do you handle errors and exceptions in ASP.NET Core?
* Look for: Use try-catch, custom exception middleware (UseExceptionHandler), and developer exception page.
28. What is Logging in ASP.NET Core? How is it implemented?
* Look for: A built-in logging API that supports various providers (Console, Debug, EventSource, 3rd-party like Serilog). Used via ILogger<T> interface.
29. Explain the Options Pattern for configuration.
* Look for: A way to bind strongly-typed configuration settings to objects (e.g., services.Configure<MyOptions>(Configuration.GetSection("MyOptions"));).
30. What is the difference between IApplicationBuilder.Use() and IApplicationBuilder.Run()?
* Look for: Use() can chain multiple middleware (has a next parameter). Run() is a terminal middleware that ends the pipeline.
Category 4: Advanced ASP.NET Core & Architecture (Expert)
31. Explain the ASP.NET Core Request Pipeline. Draw a mental diagram.
* Look for: The sequence of middleware components that process every HTTP request and response (e.g., Exception Handling -> Static Files -> Routing -> Auth -> Endpoints).
32. What is Dependency Injection lifetime mismatch and how can you avoid it?
* Scenario: "A 'Scoped' service is injected into a 'Singleton' service. This causes the scoped service to effectively become a singleton, which can lead to bugs (e.g., a DbContext being shared across requests). Avoid by either making the consuming service scoped or retrieving the scoped service from a service provider within the method scope."
33. How does Caching work in ASP.NET Core? Discuss IMemoryCache and IDistributedCache.
* Look for: IMemoryCache (in-memory, per server) and IDistributedCache (distributed, e.g., Redis, SQL Server). Used to store frequently accessed data to improve performance.
34. What is Health Checks and why is it important for modern applications?
* Look for: Endpoints (/health) that report the app's health (liveness, readiness). Crucial for container orchestrators like Kubernetes.
35. Explain the Background Services (Hosted Services) in ASP.NET Core.
* Look for: For running background tasks. Implement by creating a class that inherits from BackgroundService and overriding ExecuteAsync.
36. What is the Repository Pattern and Unit of Work? What are their benefits?
* Look for: Abstraction of data access logic. Benefits: Testability, maintainability, and separation of concerns.
37. How do you implement Authentication and Authorization in ASP.NET Core?
* Look for: Authentication (who are you?) using JWT, Cookies, Identity Server. Authorization (what are you allowed to do?) using policies, roles ([Authorize(Roles = "Admin")]).
38. What is Output Caching and Response Caching in .NET 7/8?
* Look for: Response Caching (uses HTTP cache headers) vs. Output Caching (new in .NET 7, caches on the server, more programmable).
39. How can you secure an ASP.NET Core Web API?
* Look for: JWT validation, HTTPS enforcement, CORS policy, input validation, rate limiting, using AspNetCore.Identity.
40. What is gRPC and when would you choose it over REST?
* Look for: A high-performance RPC framework using HTTP/2 and Protocol Buffers. Choose for internal microservice communication where performance is critical (low latency, high throughput).
Category 5: Data Access & Entity Framework Core (Intermediate to Expert)
41. What is Entity Framework (EF) Core? What is an ORM?
* Look for: An Object-Relational Mapper that allows .NET developers to work with a database using .NET objects, eliminating most data-access code.
42. What are the different approaches to database modeling in EF Core?
* Look for: Code-First (define classes, EF creates DB), Database-First (existing DB, EF generates classes).
43. Explain DbContext, DbSet, and Migration.
* Look for: DbContext is a session with the database. DbSet represents a table. Migration is a way to update the database schema based on changes to your model.
44. What is the difference between IQueryable and IEnumerable in EF Core?
* Critical IQ Question: IQueryable executes the query on the database server (e.g., SELECT * FROM Users WHERE Name = 'John'). IEnumerable executes the query on the client in memory after fetching all data. Misusing IEnumerable can cause huge performance issues.
45. What is Lazy Loading, Eager Loading, and Explicit Loading?
* Scenario: "For a Blog with related Posts, use Eager Loading (.Include(b => b.Posts)) when you know you need the posts data immediately. Use Explicit Loading (.Load()) when you need to load them conditionally later. Avoid Lazy Loading in web apps due to N+1 query problems."
46. How do you execute a raw SQL query in EF Core?
* Look for: FromSqlRaw for entities, ExecuteSqlRaw for non-query commands.
47. What is the Change Tracker in EF Core?
* Look for: It tracks changes to entities so that it knows what to insert, update, or delete when SaveChanges() is called.
48. How can you improve the performance of EF Core?
* Look for: Use AsNoTracking() for read-only queries, write efficient LINQ, use Select to project only needed columns, avoid N+1 queries, use raw SQL for complex queries.
49. Explain the Repository Pattern and Unit of Work with EF Core.
* Look for: The DbContext itself is an implementation of the Unit of Work pattern, and DbSet is a Repository. Wrapping them in custom abstractions can sometimes be an over-engineering anti-pattern.
50. What are Global Query Filters in EF Core?
* Look for: Define a filter in OnModelCreating (e.g., modelBuilder.Entity<Post>().HasQueryFilter(p => p.IsDeleted == false);) that is applied to all queries for that entity. Useful for soft delete.
Category 6: Real-World Scenarios & Problem-Solving (Expert)
51. Your ASP.NET Core app is slow. Describe your step-by-step investigation process.
* Look for: Profiling (e.g., Application Insights), checking slow database queries (EF Core logging), analyzing memory usage, checking for blocking calls in async code, reviewing caching strategy.
52. How would you design a scalable and maintainable microservices architecture with .NET?
* Look for: Discuss API Gateways (Ocelot), service discovery, communication (gRPC/REST), resilience (Polly), distributed caching, centralized logging.
53. How do you manage database connections and ensure they are properly disposed of?
* Look for: Using using statement with DbContext or relying on the DI container to dispose of scoped services at the end of the HTTP request.
54. Explain a scenario where you used a Design Pattern to solve a problem.
* Example: "Used the Strategy Pattern to implement different payment gateways (PayPal, Stripe). Each gateway was a separate strategy, making it easy to add new ones without modifying existing code."
55. How would you implement a retry mechanism for a flaky external API call?
* Look for: Use the Polly library to define a retry policy with exponential backoff and circuit breaker.
56. Your application is running in a load-balanced environment. What considerations do you have for Session State and Caching?
* Look for: Sticky sessions or, preferably, using a distributed cache (Redis) for session state and caching to ensure consistency across all servers.
57. How do you ensure your application is secure from common attacks like SQL Injection and XSS?
* Look for: SQL Injection: Use parameterized queries (EF Core does this). XSS: Always encode output, validate input, use anti-forgery tokens.
58. Describe the process of deploying an ASP.NET Core application to Azure/AWS/Linux.
* Look for: CI/CD pipelines (Azure DevOps, GitHub Actions), containerization (Docker), using a reverse proxy (Kestrel behind Nginx).
59. How do you implement Feature Flags in .NET?
* Look for: Using Microsoft.FeatureManagement library to toggle features on/off without redeploying the application.
60. What are the best practices for writing clean, testable, and maintainable .NET code?
* Look for: SOLID principles, writing unit/integration tests (xUnit, NUnit), meaningful naming, small methods, loose coupling, and consistent coding standards.
Category 7: Advanced C# & .NET Internals (Expert)
61. What are the different types of Collections in .NET and their use-cases? (e.g., Dictionary, HashSet, List)
* Look for: Dictionary<K,V> for key-value lookups, HashSet<T> for unique items and set operations, List<T> for dynamic arrays, Queue<T> for FIFO, Stack<T> for LIFO.
62. Explain the yield keyword in C#.
* Look for: Used in iterators to provide a custom, stateful iteration over a collection without creating a full collection first. It enables deferred execution.
* Example:csharp public static IEnumerable<int> GetEvenNumbers(IEnumerable<int> numbers) { foreach (int number in numbers) { if (number % 2 == 0) { yield return number; // Deferred execution } } }
63. What is the volatile keyword used for?
* Look for: Ensures a field's value is always read from and written to main memory, not from a CPU cache. Used in multithreading to guarantee the latest value is visible to all threads.
64. What are Threads, Tasks, and the ThreadPool? How do they relate?
* Look for: A Thread is an OS-level concept. The ThreadPool is a pool of worker threads managed by CLR. A Task is a higher-level abstraction representing an asynchronous operation that is queued to the ThreadPool.
65. What is the difference between Task.Run() and Task.Factory.StartNew()?
* Look for: Task.Run() is a simpler shortcut for queueing CPU-bound work to the thread pool. Task.Factory.StartNew() is more powerful and configurable but should generally be avoided unless you need its specific options.
66. Explain the async/await state machine generated by the compiler.
* Look for: The compiler transforms an async method into a complex state machine struct that allows the method to pause and resume at await points, making asynchronous code look synchronous.
67. What is the ConfigureAwait(false) method and why is it important?
* Look for: It prevents the callback from needing to marshal back to the original "context" (e.g., UI thread). In library code, using ConfigureAwait(false) can prevent deadlocks and improve performance.
68. What are Spans<T> and Memory<T>? What problem do they solve?
* Look for: They provide a view over contiguous memory (arrays, strings, stack memory) without copying. They are performance-oriented types that help eliminate allocations and enable high-performance code.
69. What are Source Generators in modern .NET?
* Look for: A compiler feature that lets C# programs inspect user code and generate new source files during compilation. Used for reducing boilerplate (e.g., generating JSON serializers at compile time).
70. What is ref struct and what are its limitations?
* Look for: A ref struct is allocated on the stack and cannot be boxed or placed on the heap (e.g., inside a class, as a field). This enables high performance but restricts usage. Span<T> is a ref struct.
Category 8: Advanced ASP.NET Core Web API & MVC (Expert)
71. Explain the Model Binding process in ASP.NET Core MVC.
* Look for: The process where incoming request data (from form data, route data, query string, JSON body) is used to create .NET objects as parameters for controller actions.
72. How do you implement Custom Model Validation?
* Look for: By creating a custom validation attribute that inherits from ValidationAttribute and overriding the IsValid method.
73. What are Action Filters? Name some built-in ones and create a custom one.
* Look for: They run before and after an action method executes. Built-in: [Authorize], [ValidateAntiForgeryToken]. Custom: Logging, caching, or custom validation filters.
* Example:csharp public class LogActionFilter : IActionFilter { public void OnActionExecuting(ActionExecutingContext context) { // Log before action executes } public void OnActionExecuted(ActionExecutedContext context) { // Log after action executes } }
74. What is Content Negotiation (Accept header) and how does Web API handle it?
* Look for: The process of selecting the best response format (JSON, XML) based on the client's HTTP Accept header. Built-in formatters handle this automatically.
75. How do you implement custom Output Formatters or Input Formatters?
* Look for: Inherit from TextOutputFormatter or TextInputFormatter to handle custom media types (e.g., application/vnd.company+json).
76. What is the purpose of the [ApiController] attribute?
* Look for: It enables automatic HTTP 400 responses for invalid models, binding source parameter inference ([FromBody], [FromQuery]), and other API-specific conventions.
77. How do you version a Web API? Discuss different strategies.
* Look for: URL versioning (/api/v1/products), Query string versioning (/api/products?api-version=1.0), Header versioning. Use the Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Versioning package.
78. How do you implement HATEOAS in a .NET Web API?
* Look for: Including links to related actions (e.g., self, update, delete) within the response body, guiding the client on what it can do next.
79. What is the problem of the "N+1 Query" in Web APIs and how do you solve it?
* Scenario: Returning a list of Blogs with their Posts causes 1 query for the blogs and N queries (one for each blog) to get the posts. Solution: Use Eager Loading (.Include()) or Projection (.Select()) to get all data in a single query.
80. How do you implement Rate Limiting or Throttling in ASP.NET Core?
* Look for: Using built-in .NET 7+ rate limiting middleware or third-party middleware like AspNetCoreRateLimit to restrict the number of requests a client can make.
Category 9: Testing & DevOps (Intermediate to Expert)
81. What are the different types of tests and when do you use them?
* Look for: Unit Tests: Test a single unit in isolation (xUnit, NUnit). Integration Tests: Test how components work together (WebApplicationFactory). Functional Tests: Test from the user's perspective (Selenium, Playwright).
82. How do you write a unit test for a controller that uses Dependency Injection?
* Look for: Use a mocking framework (Moq, NSubstitute) to create mock implementations of the dependencies and pass them to the controller's constructor.
* Example (Moq):csharp var mockService = new Mock<IMyService>(); mockService.Setup(s => s.GetData()).Returns("test data"); var controller = new MyController(mockService.Object); var result = controller.Index(); // Assert on the result
83. What is WebApplicationFactory<T> and how is it used?
* Look for: A class in Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Testing used for integration testing. It bootstraats your app in memory, allowing you to make HTTP requests to test the full stack.
84. How do you manage different configurations for Development, Staging, and Production environments?
* Look for: Using environment-specific appsettings.{Environment}.json files (e.g., appsettings.Production.json) and the ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT variable.
85. What is the purpose of a .runsettings file?
* Look for: A configuration file for Visual Studio test runs, used to set environment variables, connection strings, or other test execution parameters.
86. Explain the process of Containerizing a .NET application using Docker.
* Look for: Creating a Dockerfile with multi-stage builds (SDK image for build, runtime image for execution) to create a small, secure, and portable container image.
87. How can you monitor a live ASP.NET Core application?
* Look for: Using Application Performance Management (APM) tools like Application Insights (Azure), OpenTelemetry, or Seq to track performance, logs, and exceptions.
88. What is the difference between CI and CD?
* Look for: Continuous Integration (CI): Automatically building and testing every code change. Continuous Delivery/Deployment (CD): Automatically deploying every change that passes CI to a staging/production environment.
89. How do you manage secrets and connection strings in development vs. production?
* Look for: Development: User Secrets. Production: Environment Variables, Azure Key Vault, or AWS Secrets Manager. Never check secrets into source control.
90. What is Infrastructure as Code (IaC) and how can it be used with .NET apps?
* Look for: Defining and provisioning infrastructure (servers, databases) using code (Terraform, Bicep, ARM templates) instead of manual processes, ensuring consistency and repeatability.
Category 10: Real-World Scenarios & System Design (Expert)
91. How would you design a system for real-time updates (e.g., a live chat)?
* Look for: Using SignalR in ASP.NET Core, which provides abstractions for WebSockets, Server-Sent Events, and Long Polling to enable real-time bidirectional communication.
92. Describe how you would implement a file upload feature with validation and progress reporting.
* Look for: Use IFormFile in the controller, validate file type/size, stream the file to secure storage (blob storage), and use JavaScript on the client with AJAX for progress updates.
93. Your EF Core migration has failed in production. What is your rollback strategy?
* Look for: Have a rollback script ready. Use transactional migrations where possible. Practice and test migrations on a staging environment that mirrors production. Use tools like DbUp or Flyway for more controlled, script-based deployments.
94. How would you implement a long-running background task that processes a queue?
* Look for: Implement an IHostedService/BackgroundService that continuously listens to a queue (Azure Service Bus, RabbitMQ) and processes messages. Ensure it's resilient to failures and can be gracefully shut down.
95. How do you handle data caching invalidation?
* Scenario: "When a product's price is updated in the database, how do you ensure the cached price is updated/removed?" Look for: Use cache expiration policies (sliding/absolute). Or, publish an event upon data change that triggers cache invalidation for that specific key.
96. How would you secure a connection string or API key in your application?
* Look for: Azure/AWS: Use their respective Key Vault/Secrets Manager services. On-Prem: Use environment variables or a secure configuration tool like HashiCorp Vault. Never hardcode.
97. What is the Circuit Breaker pattern? How have you used it?
* Look for: It prevents an application from repeatedly trying to execute an operation that's likely to fail. Use the Polly library to implement it for calls to external services.
98. How do you decide between a Monolith and Microservices architecture for a new project?
* Look for: Monolith: Simpler to develop/deploy initially, good for smaller teams. Microservices: Better for scalability, independent deployments, and polyglot environments, but introduce complexity (distributed tracing, network latency, eventual consistency).
99. Explain the concept of "Eventual Consistency" and where you might accept it.
* Look for: The guarantee that if no new updates are made to a data item, eventually all accesses to that item will return the last updated value. Accepted in systems like shopping carts, social media feeds, or comments where absolute immediate consistency is not critical.
100. How do you approach debugging a production issue that you cannot reproduce locally?
* Look for: Rely on detailed logging (structured logging with Serilog), application monitoring (Application Insights), and distributed tracing to correlate logs across services. Use tools to inspect production snapshots (e.g., Azure Snapshot Debugger).
101. What is the difference between 横向扩展 (Scaling Out) and 纵向扩展 (Scaling Up)? Which does .NET Core favor?
* Look for: Scaling Out: Adding more servers. Scaling Up: Adding more resources (CPU, RAM) to a single server. .NET Core's lightweight, stateless nature is ideally suited for Scaling Out.
102. Describe the Publish-Subscribe (Pub/Sub) model and its benefits.
* Look for: A messaging pattern where senders (publishers) categorize messages into classes without knowledge of the receivers (subscribers). Benefits: loose coupling, scalability. Implement with Azure Service Bus topics, RabbitMQ, or Redis Pub/Sub.
103. What is the API Gateway pattern? Name a .NET implementation.
* Look for: A single entry point that aggregates requests to multiple microservices, handling concerns like auth, SSL termination, and caching. .NET implementation: Ocelot, YARP (built by Microsoft).
104. How do you ensure message ordering in a queue-based system?
* Look for: Some queues (like Azure Service Bus sessions) support message sessions to guarantee FIFO ordering for a related set of messages.
105. What is the "Strangler Fig" pattern and how is it used in .NET modernization?
* Look for: A pattern for incrementally migrating a legacy system by gradually replacing specific pieces of functionality with new applications and services, eventually "strangling" the old system. Used to migrate from .NET Framework to .NET Core.
106. How would you design a system to be "12-Factor App" compliant?
* Look for: Discuss factors like: Codebase in version control, explicit dependency declaration, configuration in environment, stateless processes, disposability, and dev/prod parity. ASP.NET Core is built with these principles in mind.
107. What is the difference between ObjectResult and ActionResult<T> in Web API?
* Look for: ObjectResult is a base class that formats and returns any object with a status code. ActionResult<T> is a return type that allows you to return either a typed response or any IActionResult (like NotFound()), providing better Swagger documentation.
108. How do you implement a custom JsonConverter for System.Text.Json?
* Look for: Inherit from JsonConverter<T> to handle custom serialization/deserialization logic for complex types.
109. What is LEMP/LAMP stack and how does .NET Core fit into it?
* Look for: LEMP (Linux, Nginx, MySQL, PHP) is a common web stack. .NET Core can replace PHP, running a high-performance ASP.NET Core app on Linux, served by Nginx, and using MySQL via a connector like Pomelo.EntityFrameworkCore.MySql.
110. What are the biggest challenges you've faced with .NET and how did you overcome them?
* Look for: A real-world, thoughtful answer that demonstrates problem-solving, depth of experience, and learning. (e.g., "Debugging a memory leak using dotMemory," "Orchestrating a complex distributed transaction using the Saga pattern").
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