Common pathological and urine test results and their potential effects on the human body.

 

Information Source: AI and Online

Here's a detailed guide covering the main diagnostic tests and their potential findings for pathology, urine, stool, X-ray, ultrasound (USG), and ECG, along with their implications for human health:

1. Pathology Tests (Blood Tests)

Pathology tests provide insights into a wide range of health conditions.

Key Tests and Effects:

1. Complete Blood Count (CBC):

   • Checks: Hemoglobin, white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), platelets.
   • Effects:
     • Low hemoglobin: Anemia.
     • High WBC: Infection or inflammation.
     • Low platelets: Risk of bleeding.

2. Liver Function Test (LFT):

   • Checks: ALT, AST, bilirubin, albumin.
   • Effects:
     • High ALT/AST: Liver inflammation (hepatitis or fatty liver).
     • High bilirubin: Jaundice or bile duct obstruction.

3. Kidney Function Test (KFT):

   • Checks: Creatinine, urea, uric acid.
   • Effects:
     • High creatinine/urea: Kidney dysfunction.
     • High uric acid: Risk of gout or kidney stones.

4. Blood Glucose Test:

   • Checks: Fasting blood sugar, HbA1c.
   • Effects:
     • High levels: Diabetes risk.
     • Low levels: Hypoglycemia.

5. Lipid Profile:

   • Checks: Cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL.
   • Effects:
     • High cholesterol: Heart disease risk.
     • High triglycerides: Fat metabolism disorders.

6. Thyroid Function Test (TFT):

   • Checks: T3, T4, TSH.
   • Effects:
     • High TSH: Hypothyroidism (sluggish metabolism).
     • Low TSH: Hyperthyroidism (overactive metabolism).

7. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) / ESR:

   • Checks: Inflammation markers.
   • Effects:
     • High levels: Chronic inflammation or infection.

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2. Urine Test

Urine analysis evaluates kidney function, hydration, and infections.

Key Tests and Effects:

1. Protein in Urine (Proteinuria):

   • High levels: Kidney damage or diabetes.

2. Sugar in Urine (Glycosuria):

   • Presence: Uncontrolled diabetes.

3. Blood in Urine (Hematuria):

   • Indicates: Kidney stones, UTI, or bladder issues.

4. Ketones in Urine (Ketonuria):

   • Indicates: Diabetes complications (ketoacidosis) or starvation.

5. Nitrates/Leukocytes in Urine:

   • Suggests: Bacterial infection in the urinary tract.

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3. Stool Test

Stool analysis helps diagnose digestive disorders, infections, and parasites.

Key Findings and Effects:

1. Presence of Blood:

   • Indicates: Ulcers, cancer, or hemorrhoids.

2. Fat in Stool:

   • Indicates: Malabsorption or pancreatic issues.

3. Parasites or Eggs:

   • Indicates: Worm infections or protozoa like Giardia.

4. Color Changes:

   • Black stool: Internal bleeding.
   • Pale stool: Liver or bile duct problems.

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4. X-Ray

X-rays provide imaging of bones, lungs, and organs for structural abnormalities.

Key Uses:

1. Chest X-Ray:

   • Detects: Lung infections (pneumonia, TB), fractures, or tumors.

2. Bone X-Ray:

   • Detects: Fractures, arthritis, or bone deformities.

3. Abdominal X-Ray:

   • Detects: Kidney stones, bowel blockages.

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5. Ultrasound (USG)

Ultrasound uses sound waves to visualize soft tissues and organs.

Key Uses:

1. Abdominal Ultrasound:

   • Detects: Liver enlargement, gallstones, kidney stones, or tumors.

2. Pelvic Ultrasound:

   • Detects: Ovarian cysts, uterine issues, or bladder problems.

3. Obstetric Ultrasound:

   • Monitors: Fetal growth during pregnancy.

4. Cardiac Ultrasound (Echocardiogram):

   • Detects: Heart valve issues or weak heart muscles.

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6. Electrocardiogram (ECG)

ECG measures the heart's electrical activity.

Key Findings:

1. Irregular Heart Rhythm (Arrhythmia):

   • Indicates: Heartbeat issues (e.g., atrial fibrillation).

2. Signs of Heart Attack:

   • Indicates: Blockage in blood flow to the heart.

3. Electrolyte Imbalance:

   • Shows abnormal potassium or calcium levels affecting heart function.

4. Stress on the Heart:

   • Suggests: Hypertension or heart disease.

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General Recommendations:

1. Regular Health Checkups:

   • Early detection of diseases is key to better outcomes.

2. Healthy Lifestyle:

   • Balanced diet, exercise, and hydration improve overall health.

3. Follow-Up on Abnormal Results:

   • Consult a doctor for detailed evaluation and treatment.

Here’s a comprehensive list of common diagnostic tests with their normal reference ranges for adult men and women. Reference ranges can vary slightly based on the laboratory, but these are general guidelines:

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1. Blood Test Reference Ranges

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Test	Men	Women	Unit
Hemoglobin (Hb)	13.8–17.2	12.1–15.1	g/dL
Red Blood Cell (RBC)	4.7–6.1	4.2–5.4	million/μL
White Blood Cell (WBC)	4,500–11,000	4,500–11,000	cells/μL
Platelets	150,000–450,000	150,000–450,000	platelets/μL
Hematocrit (Hct)	40.7–50.3%	36.1–44.3%	%

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Liver Function Test (LFT)

Test	Normal Range (Men and Women)	Unit
ALT (SGPT)	7–56	U/L
AST (SGOT)	10–40	U/L
Bilirubin (Total)	0.1–1.2	mg/dL
Albumin	3.4–5.4	g/dL
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)	44–147	U/L

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Kidney Function Test (KFT)

Test	Normal Range (Men and Women)	Unit
Serum Creatinine	0.7–1.3 (Men) / 0.6–1.1 (Women)	mg/dL
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)	7–20	mg/dL
Uric Acid	3.4–7.0 (Men) / 2.4–6.0 (Women)	mg/dL

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Blood Sugar

Test	Normal Range (Men and Women)	Unit
Fasting Blood Glucose	70–100	mg/dL
Postprandial (2-hour)	<140	mg/dL
HbA1c	4.0–5.6%	%

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Lipid Profile

Test	Normal Range (Men and Women)	Unit
Total Cholesterol	<200	mg/dL
LDL (Bad Cholesterol)	<100	mg/dL
HDL (Good Cholesterol)	>40 (Men) / >50 (Women)	mg/dL
Triglycerides	<150	mg/dL

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Thyroid Function Test (TFT)

Test	Normal Range (Men and Women)	Unit
TSH	0.4–4.0	mIU/L
Free T4 (Thyroxine)	0.8–1.8	ng/dL
Free T3 (Triiodothyronine)	2.3–4.1	pg/mL

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2. Urine Test Reference Ranges

Test	Normal Range	Unit
pH	4.5–8.0	—
Specific Gravity	1.005–1.030	—
Protein	Negative	—
Glucose	Negative	—
Ketones	Negative	—
RBC (Red Blood Cells)	0–4	cells/hpf
WBC (White Blood Cells)	0–5	cells/hpf
Urobilinogen	0.2–1.0	mg/dL

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3. Stool Test Reference Ranges

Test	Normal Range
Color	Brown
Consistency	Formed
Blood	Absent
Parasites	Absent
Fat	Absent

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4. X-Ray and USG (Ultrasound)

These tests are diagnostic and don't have numerical ranges. Interpretations depend on findings like:

• X-Ray: Fractures, infections, tumors, or lung/heart abnormalities.
• Ultrasound: Gallstones, kidney stones, cysts, liver size, or fetal development.

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5. ECG (Electrocardiogram)

Parameter	Normal Range
Heart Rate	60–100 bpm
PR Interval	120–200 ms
QRS Duration	<120 ms
QT Interval (Corrected)	350–440 ms

Data Source: Online